January is Thyroid Awareness Month and a good time to learn about this small, but mighty gland. The thyroid is a small butterfly-shaped gland in the neck, just in front of the windpipe (trachea). It produces hormones that affect things such as your heart rate and body temperature. Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid—too much hormone being released) and hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid—too little hormone being released) can both cause unpleasant and potentially serious health issues.
Last week’s article discussed hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). In this week’s article, we will look at hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid).
There are several possible causes of hypothyroidism and include:
- Age and gender: Hypothyroidism is more common in women than in men. The risk of developing hypothyroidism also tends to increase with age.
- Family history: Individuals with a family history of thyroid disorders, particularly autoimmune conditions like Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (the most common cause of hypothyroidism), may have an increased risk.
- Autoimmune diseases: Certain autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and lupus, are associated with an increased risk of developing autoimmune thyroid diseases like Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.
- Previous thyroid surgery or radiation treatment: People who have undergone thyroid surgery or radiation therapy to the neck or upper chest may be at an increased risk of hypothyroidism, especially if the treatment was for thyroid cancer or other thyroid-related conditions.
- Iodine deficiency or excess: Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production. Both iodine deficiency and excess can contribute to thyroid dysfunction. However, iodine deficiency is more common in certain geographic regions with low iodine levels in the soil.
- Certain medications: Some medications, such as lithium (used to treat bipolar disorder), amiodarone (used for heart arrhythmias), and certain antithyroid drugs, can interfere with thyroid function and potentially lead to hypothyroidism.
- Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland, whether due to an autoimmune condition (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis) or a viral infection, can cause damage to the thyroid cells and lead to hypothyroidism.
- Pregnancy: Women are more susceptible to thyroid disorders during and after pregnancy. Postpartum thyroiditis, a condition characterized by inflammation of the thyroid after childbirth, can lead to temporary hypothyroidism.
- Other chronic illnesses: Conditions such as celiac disease, Addison’s disease, and certain chronic inflammatory disorders may be associated with an increased risk of hypothyroidism.
The symptoms of hypothyroidism can vary from person to person and may overlap with other medical conditions. These symptoms include:
- Fatigue: Persistent and unexplained fatigue is a common symptom of hypothyroidism.
- Weight gain: Hypothyroidism can lead to a slower metabolism, causing weight gain even with no significant changes in diet or physical activity.
- Cold intolerance: Individuals with hypothyroidism may feel more sensitive to cold temperatures and have difficulty staying warm.
- Dry skin and hair: Dry, coarse skin and brittle hair are common symptoms. Hair loss may also occur.
- Constipation: Slowed digestion and reduced bowel movements are common in hypothyroidism.
- Muscle aches and weakness: Generalized muscle pain, weakness, and stiffness can occur.
- Joint pain: Joint pain and stiffness, similar to muscle aches, may be present.
- Depression and mood changes: Hypothyroidism can affect mood and contribute to symptoms of depression.
- Memory and concentration issues: Some individuals may experience difficulties with memory and concentration.
- Menstrual irregularities: Women with hypothyroidism may have irregular or heavier menstrual periods.
- Hoarse voice: Changes in the voice, including hoarseness, can occur due to swelling of the vocal cords.
- Swelling and puffiness: Edema (fluid retention) can lead to swelling, especially in the face and extremities.
- Slow heart rate: Hypothyroidism can cause a decrease in heart rate (bradycardia).
- Elevated cholesterol levels: Hypothyroidism may contribute to increased levels of cholesterol in the blood.
If hypothyroidism is suspected, your doctor will likely discuss your medical history, perform a physical examination, and may perform blood tests. Treatment with thyroid hormone medicine is usually simple, safe and effective once the right dosage is determined.
It’s important to note that the severity of complications can vary among individuals, and prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment can help prevent or alleviate many of these issues. If you suspect you have hypothyroidism or are experiencing symptoms, consult with a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and management. Regular monitoring and adjustments to treatment may be necessary to ensure optimal thyroid function and prevent complications.